{"id":6635,"date":"2026-04-06T10:42:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T08:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ambler.es\/?p=6635"},"modified":"2026-04-28T11:50:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T09:50:41","slug":"do-insurance-a-complete-guide-to-protecting-directors-and-officers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ambler.es\/en\/seguros-do-guia-completa-para-proteger-a-directivos-y-consejeros\/","title":{"rendered":"D&amp;O insurance: a complete guide to protecting directors and officers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Running a business means making decisions every day: approving investments, signing contracts, managing teams, reporting to shareholders and meeting legal obligations. Sometimes, a disputed decision or an unexpected outcome ends up in a <strong>personal claim against those who hold management or director roles<\/strong>. That\u2019s why many companies consider how to protect their leadership. The answer lies in <a href=\"https:\/\/ambler.es\/en\/businesses\/d-o-insurance\/\"><strong>D&amp;O insurance<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At <strong>Ambler<\/strong>, we created this guide to explain what D&amp;O insurance is, what it typically covers, which limitations you should be aware of, and how to assess a policy in practical terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are backed by <strong>more than 34 years of experience<\/strong> in the sector and clients who trust our work to help safeguard business continuity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why are directors more exposed than it seems?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Claims against directors and officers do not always stem from major scandals. In small and medium-sized companies, disputes can also arise due to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Disagreements between shareholders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Investor claims linked to unmet expectations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suppliers or customers alleging losses caused by management decisions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Employment disputes where someone attempts to attribute personal liability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insolvency situations or cashflow pressure that trigger reviews and criticism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a reality: when there are losses, disputes or change, people often look for someone to hold responsible. And by definition, directors are on the front line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is D&amp;O insurance?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D&amp;O insurance<\/strong> (Directors &amp; Officers) is a policy designed to <strong>protect the personal assets of directors, board members and senior executives<\/strong> against claims for alleged errors or omissions committed while carrying out their duties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, if someone brings a claim against a director over a management decision and that claim falls within the policy terms, the insurance will usually cover <strong>defence costs<\/strong> and, where applicable, <strong>compensation<\/strong> or settlements, within the agreed limits and conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who does it usually protect?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on the policy, it may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Directors (including joint and several or joint directors).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members of the board of directors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Senior executives (for example, general management, finance, operations).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In some cases, roles in subsidiaries or investee companies, or representatives in investee companies, if agreed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What risks does it usually cover?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Each insurer defines the scope, but D&amp;O insurance typically focuses on claims relating to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Breach of directors\u2019 duties.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negligence, error or lack of due care in decision-making.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Allegedly inaccurate statements to shareholders, investors or third parties.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Disputes arising from business management, corporate governance or strategy.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What does D&amp;O insurance cover in practice?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond definitions, what matters is how this translates into real scenarios. A D&amp;O policy usually revolves around four areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1) Legal defence<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In many cases, the first major cost is not compensation, but <strong>defence<\/strong>: solicitors, legal representatives, expert witnesses, sureties or similar expenses (depending on the terms). The policy may cover these costs from early stages, provided the matter is covered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2) Compensation and settlements<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If there is a judgment, a settlement or civil liability arising from the proceedings and it falls within the scope, the policy may respond up to the agreed limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3) Reimbursement to the company (when the company indemnifies the director)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In some situations, the company advances or assumes defence costs or indemnifies the director. Some policies provide <strong>reimbursement<\/strong> to the company for those amounts (depending on how the cover is structured).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4) Additional covers (depending on the policy)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some policies include extensions that can be useful for certain business profiles (for example, defence in certain investigations, crisis management costs, etc.). <strong>It is not automatic: it depends on the product and what is purchased.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is usually excluded, and why it matters<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Without going into specific legislation or rigid policy wordings, there are common exclusions that are worth reviewing because they change the real level of protection:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Deliberate or fraudulent conduct<\/strong> (usually excluded).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unlawful enrichment or improper advantage.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Facts known before inception<\/strong> (relevant if there is an existing dispute).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Claims between insured persons<\/strong> (sometimes limited, sometimes with exceptions).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fines or penalties<\/strong>, depending on the type and insurer (worth checking carefully).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bodily injury or property damage<\/strong> (typically covered under other policies, not D&amp;O).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D&amp;O insurance and corporate governance: when it is most advisable<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D&amp;O insurance is especially relevant when one or more of the following applies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There are multiple shareholders with different roles or expectations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is a board of directors or shared management structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The company is raising investment or planning to do so.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The company participates in tenders or material contracts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The company is in a growth phase with fast decisions (hiring, expansion, financing).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are subsidiaries, branches or international activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is the difference between E&amp;O and D&amp;O?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s look at the differences clearly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D&amp;O: liability arising from management and director duties<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D&amp;O focuses on <strong>claims against directors and officers<\/strong> for business management and governance decisions. The alleged alleged wrongful act is typically linked to how the company is directed, supervised or managed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>E&amp;O: professional errors in the provision of services<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>E&amp;O (Errors &amp; Omissions) usually relates to <strong>professional liability for failings in a service provided to a client<\/strong>: an error in consultancy, a report, a design, a technical recommendation, an audit, brokerage\/intermediation, etc. It is more common in professional services businesses (consultancies, technology firms, engineering, agencies, brokers, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can they coexist?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes. In many businesses it makes sense to <strong>combine both<\/strong> where there are two layers of risk:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Risk linked to providing the service (E&amp;O).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk linked to management and governance decisions (D&amp;O).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>They are not interchangeable:<\/strong> having E&amp;O does not mean a shareholder dispute or a claim against a director will be covered, and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How much does D&amp;O insurance cost?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The cost of D&amp;O cannot be answered with a single figure, because it depends on many variables that vary widely from one organisation to another. What matters is understanding which factors typically influence pricing and how to optimise the cover-to-cost balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Factors that typically influence the premium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Size and structure of the company (turnover, headcount, operational complexity).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sector and level of exposure to claims.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shareholding structure (number of shareholders, presence of investors).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Claims history or previous disputes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chosen limit of indemnity and excess.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Territorial scope and whether there are subsidiaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inclusion of additional covers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What should you review before buying D&amp;O?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For a company, taking out D&amp;O insurance makes sense when it is done thoughtfully. These are the most useful checks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who is an \u201cinsured person\u201d, and from when?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Make sure the relevant roles are covered and that the policy adequately addresses people who previously held the role, where applicable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Definition of \u201cclaim\u201d and \u201cwrongful act\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>How a claim is defined determines <strong>when<\/strong> cover is triggered. It also matters how the act being alleged is defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Retroactive date and continuity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In liability insurance, the retroactive date and continuity conditions (renewals, changing insurer) are critical to <strong>avoid gaps in cover<\/strong> for matters that are discovered later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Defence costs: appointment and management<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Check how solicitors are managed, whether there is a panel, whether you can propose representation, and how costs are approved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exclusions that matter for your situation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Not all exclusions carry the same weight.<\/strong> For example, in companies with multiple shareholders, limits on internal claims can be particularly important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is an example of a D&amp;O claim?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A B2B company grows quickly and decides to <strong>launch a new line of business<\/strong>. To <strong>finance it<\/strong>, the board approves a significant investment and signs agreements with a strategic supplier. Months later, the project underperforms and <strong>cashflow pressure<\/strong> appears. A minority shareholder believes the decision was imprudent, that information was omitted during the risk assessment, and that the value of their stake was harmed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The shareholder <strong>brings a claim<\/strong> against certain directors and officers, alleging a <strong>lack of due care<\/strong> in decision-making. Even if the company believes it acted properly, the process requires legal defence, documentation, advice and, in some cases, negotiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a case like this, a <strong>D&amp;O policy<\/strong> could cover defence costs and any financial response due within the policy terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What types of companies tend to prioritise D&amp;O insurance?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SMEs with multiple shareholders and defined leadership roles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Start-ups and companies with investment rounds or capital-raising plans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Family businesses that professionalise management and separate ownership from leadership.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Companies with a board or collegiate management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Businesses operating with complex contracts or high-value projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In all of these, the goal is to protect decision-makers, reduce uncertainty and help senior leaders accept responsibility without feeling their personal assets are at risk whenever a dispute arises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Protect leadership without slowing the business down<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D&amp;O insurance<\/strong> is a practical way to protect directors and officers against claims connected to their role. When properly arranged, it provides <strong>peace of mind<\/strong>, helps attract and retain senior talent, and prevents a dispute from becoming a personal problem for those making decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If your company is considering <strong>D&amp;O insurance<\/strong>, at <strong>Ambler<\/strong> you can <a href=\"https:\/\/ambler.es\/en\/contact\/\"><strong>request<\/strong><\/a> an initial review to assess your structure, your exposure and the type of cover that makes the most sense for your situation.We have a team focused on <strong>business insurance<\/strong> who will advise you when comparing options, reviewing cover and exclusions, and setting limits and terms aligned with your company\u2019s reality\u2014without over-insuring or leaving key risks uncovered.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do D&#038;O insurance policies work? Discover what they cover, differences vs E&#038;O, costs and examples of claims for companies in Spain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6700,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insurance","category-seguros"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D&amp;O insurance: a complete guide to protecting directors and officers - Ambler | Corredur\u00eda de Seguros<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How do D&amp;O insurance policies work? 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